An important notion that always arises in connection with hierarchies is modularity, which is effectively implied by the sparseness of connections in hierarchical topologies.
2.
Since several real-life networks ( World Wide Web or some social networks ) exhibit such properties, different hierarchical topologies were introduced in order to account for these various characteristics.
3.
"' Hierarchical topology "'lends itself to collaboration where there is a single source for the data and it needs to be distributed to multiple locations around the world.
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